O trauma de face submetido a cirurgia: Uma análise epidemiológica de 10 anos no interior do Brasil / Facial trauma undergoing surgery: A 10-year epidemiological analysis in the interior of Brazil

Introdução: O trauma de face representa significativa incapacitação para a vítima, além de um desafio para as equipes de saúde devido a sua complexidade e envolvimento de estruturas nobres. Analisar a sua epidemiologia permite coordenar medidas em saúde pública para melhorar o atendimento e a prevenção. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo, longitudinal, com abordagem retrospectiva a partir dos prontuários dos pacientes vítimas de trauma de face atendidos pela clínica cirúrgica no período entre 2010 e 2019. Resultados: Dentre os 529 prontuários incluídos no estudo e analisados, 71,08% tratava-se de cirurgias eletivas e o restante, 28,92%, de cirurgias de urgência. O trauma foi mais frequente em indivíduos de 20 a 29 anos, o que corresponde a 31,76% do total de casos. Também foi mais frequente em indivíduos do sexo masculino, correspondendo a 78,45% do total de casos. Acidentes automobilísticos foram a causa mais comum, descrita em 22,31% dos prontuários, e a principal fratura, presente em 85,83% dos casos, foi dos ossos próprios do nariz. Conclusão: As vítimas de traumatismo bucomaxilofacial atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro são predominantemente homens na terceira década de vida, envolvidos em acidentes automobilísticos, com lesões em ossos do nariz que foram abordadas de forma eletiva.

Introduction: Facial trauma represents significant incapacitation for the victim, as well as a challenge for healthcare teams due to its complexity and involvement of important structures. Analyzing its epidemiology allows us to coordinate public health measures to improve care and prevention. Method: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal study with a retrospective approach based on the medical records of patients who suffered facial trauma treated by the surgical clinic between 2010 and 2019. Results: Among in individuals aged 20 to 29 years, which corresponds to 31.76% of total cases. It was also more common in males, corresponding to 78.45% of total cases. Car accidents were the most common cause, described in 22.31% of medical records, and the main fracture, present in 85.83% of cases, was of the bones of the nose. Conclusion: Victims of oral and maxillofacial trauma treated at the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro are predominantly men in their third decade of life, involved in automobile accidents, with injuries to the bones of the nose that were treated electively.

Fratura de mandíbula: análise de 50 casos cirúrgicos em um hospital escola / Jaw fracture: analysis of 50 surgical cases in a teaching hospital

Introdução: A mandíbula é o maior e mais forte dos ossos da face. Em razão de sua topografia, apresenta vulnerabilidade nos traumas. A análise de dados sobre as fraturas de mandíbula se mostram fundamentais para auxiliar no tratamento e em políticas de saúde pública. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar um levantamento epidemiológico de fraturas mandibulares tratadas cirurgicamente. Método: Triagem através do sistema de informação hospitalar, buscando pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para fratura de mandíbula realizadas em um hospital escola pela equipe de cirurgia plástica, em Campinas-SP, de abril de 2015 a abril de 2020. Foram, então, coletados dados por meio da análise de prontuários. Resultados: Foram incluídos 50 pacientes, sendo 90% do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi 30,7 anos. A etiologia predominante foi acidente automotivo e a região mais fraturada na mandíbula foi a parassínfise. A mediana de tempo entre o trauma e cirurgia foi de 19 dias. Onze (22%) pacientes apresentavam alguma comorbidade. Quatorze pacientes (28%) foram internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e 42% operaram com outra especialidade além da Cirurgia Plástica. Dez (20%) pacientes apresentaram alguma complicação da cirurgia, sendo a mais comum a deiscência de ferida operatória. Conclusão: Houve predominância entre homens jovens e de acidentes de trânsito como etiologia. As fraturas foram localizadas preferencialmente na região da parassínfise e foram tratadas por meio de fixação interna rígida. Os elevados índices de internação em UTI, lesões associadas e realizações de procedimentos cirúrgicos por outras especialidades evidenciam a gravidade dos pacientes assistidos no serviço.

Introduction: The mandible is the largest and strongest of the bones in the face. Due to its topography, it is vulnerable to trauma. Data analysis on mandible fractures is fundamental for treatment and public health policies. This study aims to conduct an epidemiological survey of surgically treated mandibular fractures. Method: Screening through the hospital information system, seeking patients undergoing surgery for jaw fracture performed at a teaching hospital by the plastic surgery team in Campinas-SP from April 2015 to April 2020. Data were then collected through analysis of medical records. Results: 50 patients were included, 90% male. The average age was 30.7 years. The predominant etiology was an automobile accident, and the most fractured region in the mandible was the parasymphysis. The median time between trauma and surgery was 19 days. Eleven (22%) patients had some comorbidity. Fourteen patients (28%) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and 42% underwent surgery with another specialty besides Plastic Surgery. Ten (20%) patients had some complication of the surgery, the most common being surgical wound dehiscence. Conclusion: There was a predominance among young men and traffic accidents as etiology. Fractures were preferably located in the parasymphysis region and were treated using rigid internal fixation. The high rates of ICU admission, associated injuries, and surgical procedures carried out by other specialties demonstrate the severity of the patients assisted in the service.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de pacientes con fractura nasal atendidos en un hospital universitario cubano

Introducción: Las fracturas nasales son las más comunes de la región maxilofacial. Sin embargo, la literatura cubana sobre el tema es escasa y desactualizada, por lo que surgió la motivación para realizar esta investigación. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente los pacientes con fractura nasal atendidos en un hospital universitario cubano. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" de Bayamo, provincia Granma, Cuba, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre del 2020. Se estudiaron variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 99 pacientes, de los cuales 74 (74,75 %) fueron masculinos. En el 44,44 % de los casos las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre los 21 y 40 años. Cincuenta pacientes (50,51 %) tuvieron fracturas producto de la violencia interpersonal. Noventa y siete pacientes (97,98 %) presentaron epistaxis. Cincuenta y nueve pacientes (59,60 %) recibieron reducción cerrada asociada con taponamiento nasal y fijación externa con yeso. Conclusiones: Predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edades de 21 a 40 años. La principal etiología fue la violencia interpersonal. En la mayoría de los casos la epistaxis estuvo presente. Prevalecieron las fracturas cerradas, así como las que tuvieron el dorso desviado lateralmente.

Introduction: Nasal fractures are the most common fractures of the maxillofacial region. However, Cuban literature on the subject is scarce and outdated, so the motivation for this research arose. Objective: To characterize patients with nasal fractures treated in a Cuban university hospital in a clinical and epidemiological manner. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the University General Hospital. "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" of Bayamo, Granma province, Cuba, from January 1 to December 31, 2020. Clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic variables were studied. Results: 99 patients were included, of whom 74 (74.75 %) were male. In 44.44 % of the cases the ages were between 21 and 40 years. Fifty patients (50.51 %) had fractures resulting from interpersonal violence. Ninety-seven patients (97.98 %) presented epistaxis. Fifty-nine patients (59.60 %) received closed reduction associated with nasal packing and external fixation with plaster cast. Conclusions: Male gender and age group 21 to 40 years predominated. The main etiology was interpersonal violence. Epistaxis was present in most cases. Closed fractures prevailed, as well as those with laterally deviated dorsum.

Impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's behavior. Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 on the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in a Cuban university hospital. Methods: This research involved a 4-year descriptive, comparative, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Patients surgically treated between March 1 and December 31, 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared with those who had undergone surgery between the same date in the years 2017-2019 (non-pandemic period). Age, sex, residence, year, month, alcohol consumption at the time of trauma, etiology, fractures types, and number of fractures per patient were recorded. Results: A decline in patients with maxillofacial fractures in 2020 (n=25) was observed when compared to equivalent periods in the three previous years (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectively, with an annual average reduction of 31.19 %. Interpersonal violence was found to be the paramount etiological factor for maxillofacial fractures during the comparison periods (2017-2019); however, road traffic accident prevailed in the 2020 (n=12; 48%). There was a small increase in the number of alcohol-related fractures (56% in 2020 vs 46.34%, 41.94%, and 51.35% in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 impacted on the epidemiology maxillofacial fractures surgically treated in this Cuban university hospital.

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el comportamiento de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la epidemiología de las fracturas maxilofaciales tratadas quirúrgicamente en un hospital universitario cubano. Métodos: Esta investigación consistió en un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo y transversal de 4 años de duración. Se compararon los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de diciembre de 2020 (periodo COVID-19) con los intervenidos entre la misma fecha en los años 2017-2019 (periodo no pandémico). Se registraron edad, sexo, residencia, año, mes, consumo de alcohol en el momento del traumatismo, etiología, tipos de fracturas y número de fracturas por paciente. Resultados: Se observó un descenso de pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales en 2020 (n=25) en comparación con periodos equivalentes de los tres años anteriores (2017: n=37; 2018: n=31; 2019: n=41), respectivamente, con una reducción media anual del 31,19 %. Se observó que la violencia interpersonal fue el factor etiológico primordial de las fracturas maxilofaciales durante los periodos de comparación (2017-2019); sin embargo, el accidente de tráfico prevaleció en el 2020 (n=12; 48 %). Hubo un pequeño aumento en el número de fracturas relacionadas con el alcohol (56 % en 2020 frente a 46,34 %, 41,94 % y 51,35 % en 2019, 2018 y 2017, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 impactó en la epidemiología de fracturas maxilofaciales atendidas quirúrgicamente en este hospital universitario cubano.

Clinical and radiological assessment of rhinomaxillary syndrome in Hansen’s disease

Background: More than four million people today live with Hansen’s disease, and 200,000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Lifetime effects of Hansen’s disease manifest as changes to bones of the face, hands and feet, resulting in physical impairment, secondary complications and facial changes that can be detrimental to quality of life, particularly among the elderly. Aims: This study aimed to perform a detailed characterization of rhinomaxillary syndrome and its clinical manifestations in older persons treated in the past for Hansen’s disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study to characterize rhinomaxillary syndrome among older persons (age 60+ years) resident at Pedro Fontes Hospital, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Computed tomography images were examined with three-dimensional reconstructions to assess alterations to maxillofacial bones according to criteria for radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome. Participants were examined to assess facial alterations according to criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome. Results: Rhinomaxillary syndrome was investigated in 16 participants (ten females and six males), median age 70 (range 60–89) years, age at diagnosis 20 (6–43) years and time since diagnosis 46 (26–70) years. Four participants fully met radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome criteria, four partially. All participants with full radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome presented with facial changes which met criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome, including “saddle nose” (loss of nasal dorsal height and shortened length of nose, due to cartilaginous and/or bone collapse), concave middle third of the face with sunken nose, maxillary retrognathia and inverted upper lip. Limitations: Clinical histories were incomplete for some participants because records were lost at the hospital over time. Conclusion: Until Hansen’s disease is eliminated from endemic countries, persons affected will continue to present with rhinomaxillofacial alterations caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection. Clinical protocols for assessment and long-term care need to include otorhinolaryngological evaluation, mainly to prevent secondary complications. When rhinomaxillofacial bone changes are suspected, this evaluation should be supported by computed tomography imaging, if available.

Caracterización de las fracturas nasales atendidas en el servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial de Bayamo / Characterization of nasal fractures treated in the maxillofacial surgery emergency service of Bayamo / Caracterização de fraturas nasais tratadas no pronto-socorro de cirurgia maxilofacial de Bayamo

RESUMEN La fractura nasal es la más frecuente entre las fracturas de los huesos faciales, pudiendo generar alteraciones estéticas importantes y a su vez determinar cambios en la funcionalidad, tratarlas de forma inmediata evita complicaciones al paciente. Con el objetivo de caracterizar las fracturas nasales atendidas en el servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial del hospital "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo que incluyó todos los pacientes (105) que fueron atendidos ambulatoriamente con diagnóstico de fractura nasal reciente en el servicio de urgencias en el período de enero 2018 a diciembre del 2019. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, procedencia, factores etiológicos, signos clínicos, clasificación según desplazamiento, exposición del foco de fractura y dirección del trauma. Se confeccionó una planilla de recolección de datos. Se emplearon números enteros, porcentajes y tablas estadísticas. Se siguieron los principios éticos para la investigación en humanos. La población más afectada se encontró entre los 20 y 29 años de edad, de procedencia urbana y del sexo masculino. Se encontró asociación entre el sexo y los factores etiológicos, predominando las agresiones físicas en hombres y las caídas casuales en mujeres. El principal signo clínico presente en los pacientes fue la epistaxis. Las fracturas nasales desplazadas, con desviaciones laterales y cerradas predominaron en ambos sexos.

ABSTRACT The nasal fracture is the most frequent among the fractures of the facial bones, being able to generate important aesthetic alterations and in turn determine changes in functionality, treating them immediately avoids complications for the patient. In order to characterize the nasal fractures treated in the maxillofacial surgery emergency service of the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" hospital, a descriptive observational study was carried out that included all the patients (105) who were seen outpatiently with a diagnosis of recent nasal fracture in the emergency department in the period from January 2018 to December 2019. The variables studied were age, sex, origin, etiological factors, clinical signs, classification according to displacement, exposure of the fracture site and direction of the trauma. A data collection sheet was prepared. Whole numbers, percentages and statistical tables were used. Ethical principles for human research were followed. The most affected population was between 20 and 29 years of age, of urban origin and male. An association was found between sex and etiological factors, predominantly physical aggression in men and accidental falls in women. The main clinical sign present in the patients was epistaxis. Displaced nasal fractures with lateral and closed deviations predominated in both sexes.

RESUMO A fratura nasal é a mais frequente entre as fraturas dos ossos faciais, sendo capaz de gerar alterações estéticas importantes e, por sua vez, determinar alterações na funcionalidade, tratando-as imediatamente evita complicações para o paciente. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as fraturas nasais atendidas no pronto-socorro de cirurgia maxilofacial do hospital Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo que incluiu todos os pacientes (105) que foram atendidos ambulatorialmente com diagnóstico de fratura nasal recente no pronto-socorro no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. As variáveis estudadas foram idade, sexo, origem, fatores etiológicos, sinais clínicos, classificação segundo deslocamento, exposição do foco da fratura e direção do trauma. Um formulário de coleta de dados foi preparado. Foram utilizados números completos, percentuais e tabelas estatísticas. Foram seguidos princípios éticos para a pesquisa humana. A população mais afetada foi entre 20 e 29 anos, de origem urbana e do sexo masculino. Foi encontrada associação entre sexo e fatores etiológicos, com aagressão física predominante em homens e quedas casuais nas mulheres. O principal sinal clínico presente nos pacientes foi a epistaxe. Fraturas nasais deslocadas, com desvios laterais e fechados predominaram em ambos os sexos.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento de fratura de face em um hospital universitário / Epidemiological profile of patients undergoing surgery to treat facial fractures in a university hospital

Introdução: Trauma facial apresenta relevância estética, social e econômica. Conhecer sua epidemiologia permite formular medidas de prevenção, educação e sistematização de atendimento. Métodos: Triagem, através do sistema de informação hospitalar, buscando pacientes que necessitaram de cirurgia para fratura de face entre abril de 2015 e abril de 2020. Foram, então, coletados dados epidemiológicos. Resultados: Foram selecionados 141 pacientes. A média de idade foi 34 anos, com maioria do sexo masculino (85%). A etiologia predominante foi acidente com veículo automotor e a fratura cirúrgica mais prevalente foi a de órbita (67%). A mediana de tempo entre o trauma e a cirurgia foi de 18 dias. Sessenta pacientes apresentaram lesões associadas à fratura de face, com destaque para as ortopédicas e neurológicas. Conclusão: A etiologia mais comum de fraturas faciais cirúrgicas foi acidente de trânsito, sendo o sexo masculino mais afetado. As fraturas de órbita foram as mais tratadas cirurgicamente.

Introduction: Facial trauma presents aesthetic, social and economic relevance. Knowing its epidemiology makes it possible to formulate measures for prevention, education and systematization of care. Methods: Research through the hospital information system, looking for patients who needed to undergo surgery for face fracture between April 2015 and April 2020. Epidemiological data were then collected. Results: 141 patients were selected. The average age was 34 years, with most males (85%). The predominant etiology was motor vehicle accidents, and the most prevalent surgical fracture was orbit (67%). The median time between trauma and surgery was 18 days. Sixty patients had injuries associated with facial fractures, especially orthopedic and neurological injuries. Conclusion: The most common etiology of surgical facial fractures was a traffic accident, predominantly among men. Orbit fractures were the most surgically treated.

Longitud del maxilar superior en relación con el biotipo facial en individuos de Cuenca, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: El crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial pueden ser evaluados mediante las radiografías cefálicas laterales, con el fin de brindar un buen diagnóstico y un plan de tratamiento efectivo. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre la longitud del maxilar superior y el biotipo facial en individuos de 18 a 45 años de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y relacional, la muestra fue de 160 radiografías cefálicas laterales obtenidas en un centro radiológico dental maxilofacial de la ciudad de Cuenca. Se utilizó el software AutoCAD para el trazado cefalométrico. Para el análisis estadístico se usó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba post hoc de Tukey con un nivel de confiabilidad del 95 % (p<0,05). Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman para determinar la relación entre la longitud maxilar (mm) y la medición esqueletal. Resultados: Se encontró que la longitud del maxilar superior de acuerdo al biotipo facial es menor en el alto y aumenta en el bajo; el biotipo facial alto presentó la menor longitud maxilar (52,18 ±4,20 mm) y el promedio más alto fue el medio-bajo (54,37 ±4,15 mm). En el sexo masculino el promedio más alto se observó en el biotipo bajo (55,38 ±4,55 mm) y el menor valor fue en el biotipo medio alto (53,10 ±3,23 mm), en el sexo femenino el promedio más alto se encontró en el biotipo facial medio bajo (53,84 ±4,01 mm) y el promedio más bajo fue en el biotipo alto (51,64 ±3,68 mm). Conclusiones: En la medida que el biotipo facial aumenta la longitud del maxilar disminuye. No existe una relación significativa entre la longitud maxilar y edad y entre la longitud y sexo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Craniofacial growth and development can be evaluated through lateral head radiographs, in order to provide a good diagnosis and an effective treatment plan. Objective: To identify the relationship between the length of the upper jaw and the facial biotype in individuals aged 18 to 45 years in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, during the year 2019. Method: A quantitative, descriptive and relational study was carried out; the sample was of 160 lateral head radiographs obtained in a maxillofacial dental radiology center in the city of Cuenca. AutoCAD software was used for the cephalometric tracing. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey's post hoc test were used with a reliability level of 95% (p<0.05). Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between maxillary length (mm) and skeletal measurement. Results: It was found that the length of the upper jaw according to facial biotype is shorter in the upper jaw and increases in the lower; the tall facial biotype presented the shortest maxillary length (52.18±4.20 mm) and the highest average was the medium-low (54.37±4.15 mm). In males, the highest average was observed in the low biotype (55.38±4.55 mm) and the lowest value was in the medium high biotype (53.10±3.23 mm); in females, the highest average was found in the medium-low facial biotype (53.84±4.01 mm) and the lowest average was in the high biotype (51.64±3.68 mm). Conclusions: As the facial biotype increases, the length of the maxillary decreases. There is no significant relationship between maxillary length and age, or between length and sex.

RESUMO Introdução: O crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial podem ser avaliados por meio de radiografias laterais da cabeça, a fim de fornecer um bom diagnóstico e um plano de tratamento eficaz. Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o comprimento do maxilar superior e o biótipo facial em indivíduos de 18 a 45 anos na cidade de Cuenca, Equador, durante o ano de 2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e relacional, a amostra foi de 160 radiografias cefálicas laterais obtidas em um centro de radiologia. O software AutoCAD foi utilizado para o traçado cefalométrico. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste post hoc de Tukey com nível de confiabilidade de 95% (p<0,05). O coeficiente de correlação de Rho Spearman foi utilizado para determinar a relação entre o comprimento maxilar (mm) e a medida esquelética. Resultados: Verificou-se que o comprimento do maxilar superior de acordo com o biótipo facial é menor nos altos e aumenta nos baixos ; o biótipo facial alto apresentou o menor comprimento maxilar (52,18 ± 4,20 mm) e a maior média foi o médio-baixo (54,37 ± 4,15 mm). No sexo masculino, a maior média foi observada no biótipo baixo (55,38 ± 4,55 mm) e o menor valor foi no biótipo médio alto (53,10 ± 3,23 mm), no sexo feminino a maior média foi encontrada no biótipo médio. - biótipo facial baixo (53,84 ± 4,01 mm) e a menor média foi no biótipo alto (51,64 ± 3,68 mm). Conclusões: À medida que o biótipo facial aumenta, o comprimento da maxila diminui. Não há relação significativa entre comprimento maxilar e idade e entre comprimento e sexo.

Clinicopathological analysis of 105 patients with fibrous dysplasia of cranio-maxillofacial region / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of the different types of fibrous dysplasia (FD) of cranio-maxillofacial region, so as to provide a new reference for clinicians to treat these patients and make prognostic judgement.@*METHODS@#Clinical records, radiographic data and pathological information of 105 patients diagnosed with FD or McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) at the Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from January 2013 to December 2020 were collected. The patients were divided into 4 groups: monostotic FDs, polyostotic FDs, MAS and a specific type called craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) limited in the craniofacial region. The clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and follow-up data of each type were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Of all the 105 patients, 46 were males and 59 were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1 ∶1.3. The onset age ranged from 0 to 56 years and the median age was 12 years. On the basis of different involvement conditions, 4 types were divided. The most common type was monostotic FDs (43 cases, 40.95%), including maxilla (29 cases), mandibular (12 cases) and zygoma (2 cases). 32 cases (30.48%) were diagnosed with polyostotic FDs, 7 cases (6.67%) were MAS, and 23 cases (21.90%) were CFDs confirmed by computed tomography (CT) analysis. CFD was clearly distinct from other types of FD, such as the patient gender and the serum alkaline phosphatase level in peripheral blood before operative surgery. The pathologic findings of various types FD were quite similar, whilst the predominant fibrous tissue hyperplasia could be observed in polyostotic FDs and MAS types.@*CONCLUSION@#The clinicopathologic features of FD in the cranio-maxillofacial region are different from the FD lesions in other parts of the body. The clinicopathological features of CFD are significantly different from those of monostotic and polyostotic FDs in the cranio-maxillofacial region. Therefore, the clinicians should pay attention to distinguish CFD in clinic, imaging and pathology aspects, so as to further clarify its features in clinic management and prognosis.

Fenômenos biomecânicos envolvidos nos traumas faciais: uma revisão integrativa / Biomechanical phenomena involved in facial trauma: an integrative review

Introdução: O trauma é definido como um agravo que leva a alterações na estrutura do indivíduo por causa da troca de energia entre os tecidos e o meio. Por causa da sua localização, o esqueleto maxilofacial é comumente acometido por traumas. Além disso, os estudos existentes que buscam abordar a temática comumente a abordam de maneira fragmentada, focada apenas em uma estrutura óssea. Portanto, o presente estudo foi proposto como tentativa de minorar essa lacuna existente na literatura hodierna. Métodos: A busca foi realizada nas plataformas PubMed, LILACS e Cochrane Library utilizando os descritores: "biomechanical phenomena", "facial injuries" e "fractures, bone", encontrando 321 artigos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos publicados nos últimos 5 anos, disponíveis integralmente, nos idiomas inglês ou português. Após a utilização desses filtros foram encontrados 50 estudos, e após leitura analítica do título e do resumo disponível, foram excluídos 44 estudos. Discussão: A mandíbula é mais vulnerável aos impactos laterais do que frontais, evidenciou-se que nos impactos laterais a maior força de estresse era exercida em estruturas ipsilaterais ao impacto. Também se demonstrou que a ausência parcial ou total de dentição apresentavam maiores forças de estresse ao côndilo. Na órbita há principalmente fraturas de borda e fraturas de globo/assoalho. A primeira são fraturas que tendem a ser menores e dispostas anteriormente, já as de assoalho, seria o inverso. Conclusão: Em suma, existem vários fatores que podem influenciar na ocorrência do trauma de face, dentre elas estão os fenômenos biomecânicos envolvidos.

Introduction: Trauma is defined as an injury that leads to changes in an individual's structure due to the energy exchange between tissues and the environment. Because of its location, the maxillofacial skeleton is commonly affected by trauma. Besides, existing studies that seek to address the theme commonly do so in a fragmented way, focused only on a bone structure. Therefore, the present study was proposed as an attempt to bridge this gap in today's literature. Methods: The search was performed on the platforms PubMed, LILACS, and Cochrane Library using the descriptors: "biomechanical phenomena," "facial injuries" and "fractures, bone," finding 321 articles. The inclusion criteria were: studies published in the last five years, available in full, in English or Portuguese. After using these filters, 50 studies were found, and after analytical reading of the title and available summary, 44 studies were excluded. Discussion: The mandible is more vulnerable to lateral than frontal impacts; it was shown that in lateral impacts, the most significant stress force was exerted on structures ipsilateral to the impact. It was also demonstrated that dentition's partial or total absence presented greater stress forces on the condyle. In the orbit, there are mainly edge fractures and globe/floor fractures. The first are fractures that tend to be smaller and anteriorly arranged, whereas those on the floor would be the opposite. Conclusion: In short, several factors can influence the occurrence of facial trauma; among them are the biomechanical phenomena involved.

Expansion treatment using Invisalign®: Periodontal health status and maxillary buccal bone changes. A clinical and tomographic evaluation / Tratamiento de expansión con Invisalign®: estado de salud periodontal y cambios óseos maxilares. Evaluación clínica y tomográfica

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in periodontal status and maxillary buccal bone by considering clinical and tomographic parameters during the first year of orthodontic expansion with Invisalign® aligners. Upper first (1PM) and upper second (2PM) premolars of 19 patients with orthodontic expansion requirement treated with Invisalign® aligners were evaluated. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and cone beam tomographic (CBCT) records were collected at 76 sites before starting treatment (T0) and at 12 months (T1). Bone height was measured from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the crest cortical bone (CC). Bone thickness was measured at two levels: 4 mm (CEJ+4) and 6 mm (CEJ+6) apical to the CEJ. A descriptive analysis was made of the variations of bone thickness and height in a series of cases. The average expansion was 1.93 mm for 1PM and 167 mm for 2PM. Arithmetic mean of distance CEJ-CC in 1PM was 3.05 mm at T0, and remained at 3.05 mm at T1. Arithmetic mean of distance CEJ-CC in 2PM was 2.06 mm at T0 and 2.31 at T1. Post-expansion, most of the analyzed sites (86%) exhibited a bone thickness of ≥0.5 mm. The greatest variations between T0 and T1 were observed at the level of 1PM CEJ+ 4 and 2PM CEJ+ 6. The minimal changes in the clinical records (GI, PI, PPD and CAL) between T0 and T1 were compatible with the maintenance of gingivalperiodontal health. Invisalign® for expansion movements did not produce substantial changes in the evaluated periodontal clinical parameters or in the bone measurements. Removable appliances reduce plaque retentive factors and favor adequate oral hygiene.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en el estado periodontal y hueso facial maxilar a través de parámetros clínicos y tomográficos durante la expansión ortodóncica con alineadores Invisalign® en el primer año de tratamiento. Se evaluaron los primeros (1PM) y segundos (2PM) premolares superiores pertenecientes a 19 pacientes con requerimiento de expansión ortodóncica tratados con alineadores Invisalign®. Se registraron los índices de placa (IP), índice gingival (IG), profundidad al sondaje (PS) y nivel de inserción (NI) y registros tomográficos de haz cónico (CBCT) en 76 sitios antes de comenzar el tratamiento (T0) y a los 12 meses (T1). Se midió la altura ósea desde el límite amelocementario (LAC) hasta la cortical de la cresta (CC) y el espesor en dos niveles; a 4 mm (LAC+4) y a 6 mm (LAC+6) hacia apical del LAC. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variaciones de la altura y espesor óseo en una serie de casos. La expansión promedio para 1PM fue de 1,93 mm y para 2PM fue de 1,67 mm. La media aritmética de LAC-CC en primeros premolares fue de 3,05 mm en T0 y se mantuvo el valor de 3,05 mm en T1. La media aritmética de LAC-CC en segundos premolares fue de 2,06 mm en T0 y 2,31 en T1. Post expansión, la mayoría de los sitios (86%) analizados exhibieron un espesor óseo ≥0,5 mm. Las mayores variaciones entre T0 y T1 se observaron a nivel de 1PM CEJ+4 y 2PM CEJ+6. Los registros clínicos (PI, GI, PPD y CAL) evidenciaron mínimos cambios entre T0 y T1, compatibles con el mantenimiento de la salud gíngivo-periodontal. El uso de Invisalign ® para movimientos de expansión no produjo cambios sustanciales en los parámetros clínicos periodontales evaluados ni en las mediciones óseas. La aparatología removible reduce los factores retentivos de placa bacteriana y facilita una adecuada higiene oral.

Reconstrução de fratura panfacial cominuta ­ relato de caso / Reconstruction of panfacial fracture - case report

RESUMO: Modelo de estudo: Relato de Caso. Importância do problema: As fraturas panfaciais recebem essa denominação quando os terços faciais apresentam fraturas concomitantes. Com frequência, essas lesões estão relacionadas a danos importantes aos tecidos moles, cominuição e perda de segmentos ósseos e/ou dentários, que podem gerar má oclusão e graves deformidades faciais, visto que etiologia de tal condição se deve à acidentes de alta dissipação de energia. O tratamento das fraturas panfaciais com o uso de fixação interna rígida permite restaurar as funções mastigatórias, bem como os contornos faciais. Comentários: O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar a reconstrução de uma fratura panfacial, envolvendo a mandíbula e com elevado grau de cominuição do complexo zigomático orbitário e do arco zigomático, em uma paciente do sexo feminino, em que acesso hemicoronal e retromandibular foram escolhidos para reconstrução e reestruturação do complexo facial. Conclusão: O correto manejo das fraturas panfaciais, é um dos grandes desafios do cirurgião buco maxilo facial, visto o nível de dificuldade para reestabelecer de maneira satisfatória as condições estéticas e funcionais existentes previamente ao trauma. Diferentes sequências de tratamento vêm sendo propostas, podendo ser utilizadas com sucesso após análise adequada do caso clínico e correta indicação. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Study model: Case Report. Importance of the problem: Panfacial fractures receive this designation when the facial thirds have concomitant fractures. Frequently, these lesions are related to important soft tissue damage, comminution, and loss of bone and/or dental segments, which may lead to malocclusion and severe facial deformities, since the etiology of such condition is due to accidents of high energy dissipation. The treatment of the panfacial fractures with the use of rigid internal fixation allows restoring the masticatory functions, as well as the facial contours. Comments: This study aimed to report the reconstruction of a panfacial fracture, involving the mandible and with a high degree of comminution of the zygomatic or zygomatic arch, in a female patient, whose hemicoronal and retromandibular access were chosen for reconstruction and restructuring of the facial complex. Conclusion: The correct management of panfacial fractures is one of the greatest challenges of the maxillofacial surgeon, given the level of difficulty to satisfactorily reestablish the aesthetic and functional conditions existing before the trauma. Different treatment sequences have been proposed to be used successfully after adequate analysis of the clinical case and correct indication. (AU)

Treatment of naso-orbito-etmoidal Type III fracture in adolescents: case report / Tratamiento de la fractura naso-orbito-etmoidal Tipo III en adolescentes: relato de un caso

The naso-orbito-ethmoidal region is composed of delicate bones and when fractured may result in significant aesthetic-functional impairment. Diagnosis through clinical and imaging findings is extremely important for surgical planning. This study aims to report a case of type III fracture of the naso-orbito-ethmoidal region. Patient D.R.S., female, 13 years old, attended the emergency department of Hospital dos Fornecedores de Cana de Piracicaba (HFCP) - SP with complaint of pain in the fronto-nasal region and respiratory distress after trauma in face of baseball bat. Physical examination showed edema and short blunt injury in the region of the nasal dorsum and frontal region, bilateral periorbital hematoma, hyposphagma in right eye and traumatic telecanthus. When analyzing the computed tomography, it was observed fracture of the nasal bones, also affecting the medial wall of the orbit. The procedure was osteosynthesis of the fractures and reconstruction of the nasal dorsum. The fracture traces were exposed from coronal access, reduction of fractures and use of calvarial bone graft for nasal dorsum reconstruction. The fracture and the graft were fixed with plates of 1,6mm. Postoperative computed tomography analysis showed good graft positioning, but there was still a slight sinking of the left lateral wall of the nose. In a second moment another surgical intervention was done to reduce this wall and an internal containment device was installed. Currently the patient is in a state of observation and a follow-up period of 665 days. In cases of complex nasoorbito-ethmoidal fractures early diagnosis and treatment is essential to minimize sequelae and provide a better aesthetic and functional result.

La región etmoidal nasoorbital está compuesta de huesos delicados y, cuando se fractura, puede provocar una lesión estética-funcional significativa. El diagnóstico mediante hallazgos clínicos y de imagen es de suma importancia para la planificación quirúrgica. El paciente D.R.S., mujer, 13 años, leucoderma, asistió al servicio de emergencia del Hospital de Proveedores de Caña de Azúcar de Piracicaba quejándose de dolor en la región frontal-nasal y dificultad para respirar después de un traumatismo en la cara con un palo. El examen físico reveló edema y lesión contundente en el dorso nasal y la región frontal, hematoma periorbitario bilateral, hiposfagma del ojo derecho y telecanto traumático. Al analizar la tomografía computarizada se observó fractura de los huesosnasales en libro abierto, afectando también la pared medial de la órbita. El enfoque aplicado fue la osteosíntesis de fracturas y la reconstrucción del dorso nasal. Los rastros de fractura se expusieron del abordaje coronal, se redujeron las fracturas y se usaron injertos de casquete para reconstruir el dorso nasal. La fractura y el injerto se fijaron con placas de sistema de 1,6 mm y se realizó la cantopexia de los ligamentos cantales mediales. Se requirió cirugía reparadora secundaria para la corrección de la pared lateral de la nariz, que persistió en el postoperatorio. Actualmente el paciente se encuentra en un estado de conservación y período de seguimiento de 665 días. En casos de fracturas nasoorbitales-etmoidales complejas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para minimizar las secuelas y proporcionar un mejor resultado estético y funcional.

Tratamento tardio de fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário com uso de fixação interna rígida / Late treatment of the zygomatic-orbital complex fracture with rigid internal fixation

RESUMO: As fraturas do complexo zigomático-orbitário são bastante frequentes devido a sua localização e projeção na face, podendo gerar grandes transtornos funcionais e estéticos ao paciente. O osso zigomático é essencial na configuração da face, sendo a principal estrutura formadora do terço médio dela. Os traumas que mais frequentemente provocam fraturas do complexo zigomático-orbitário são agressões físicas, acidentes de trânsito e esportivos. O tipo de fratura, tempo decorrido, a severidade e o envolvimento de outras estruturas faciais influenciam a modalidade de tratamento a ser empregado. O presente trabalho apresenta um caso clínico de fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário esquerdo, diagnosticada tardiamente, e tratada por meio de osteotomia, redução e fixação em três pontos com placas e parafusos do sistema 1.5, e reconstrução do assoalho orbitário com tela de titânio. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Fractures of the zygomatic-orbital complex are quite frequent due to their location and projection on the face, which can cause major functional and aesthetic disorders to the patient. The zygomatic bone is essential in the configuration of the face, being the main forming structure of the middle third of it. The traumas that most often cause fractures of the zygomatic-orbital complex are physical aggression, traffic accidents, and sports. The type of fracture, elapsed time, severity, and the involvement of other facial structures influence the type of treatment to be employed. The present work presents a clinical case of fracture of the left zygomatic-orbital complex, diagnosed late, and treated by osteotomy, reduction, and fixation in three points with 1.5 system plates and screws, and reconstruction of the orbital floor with titanium mesh. (AU)

Tubérculo marginal del hueso cigomático / Marginal tubercle of zygomatic bone

El hueso cigomático, ubicado en la parte superior y lateral de la cara, es un hueso par e irregular con forma cuadrilátera o romboidal. Se describen 2 caras, 4 aristas y 4 ángulos, forma cavidades, permite la inserción muscular y aponeurótica, es parte de la arquitectura facial, distribuye las fuerzas masticatorias y permite el paso del nervio cigomático. Su margen postero-superior presenta una prominencia ósea conocida como tubérculo marginal, en el que se observa la inserción de la fascia temporal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las características particulares de esta prominencia. La muestra correspondió a 30 cráneos de adultos chilenos de ambos sexos. A través de una serie de puntos óseos, se describió la presencia, ubicación, tamaño, forma, cortical y trabeculado del tejido óseo del tubérculo marginal. Para realizar las mediciones se utilizaron cámara digital, compas de precisión y cáliper digital. El análisis radiográfico requirió tomografía computarizada de alta resolución. Los resultados mostraron que el tubérculo marginal del hueso cigomático es una prominencia constante, ubicada en el tercio medio del proceso frontal del hueso y que la mayoría de los individuos mostraron una forma semilunar. Su altura fluctúa entre 3 y 4 mm, siendo más pronunciada en hombres que en mujeres. El grosor de la corteza ósea es directamente proporcional a la prominencia del tubérculo, mientras que el trabeculado esponjoso está inversamente relacionado con este último. El análisis de estos resultados parece indicar que las fuerzas biomecánicas ejercidas por la musculatura masticatoria y transmitidas por la fascia temporal, determinan la morfología externa e interna de esta prominencia y del propio hueso cigomático. Concluimos, declarando la necesidad de revisar el conocimiento anatómico a la luz de las nuevas técnicas de imagen e integración disciplinar.

The zygomatic bone, located in the upper and lateral area of the face, is an even and irregular quadrilateral or rhomboid shaped bone. It presents 2 faces, 4 margins and 4 angles. It forms cavities, allows muscular and aponeurotic insertion, is part of the facial architecture, distributes masticatory forces and allows the passage of the zygomatic nerve. Its postero-superior margin presents a bony prominence known as a marginal tubercle, in which the insertion of the temporal fascia is observed. The objective of this work was to describe the particular characteristics of this prominence. The sample corresponded to 30 skulls of Chilean adults of both sexes. Through a series of bone points, the presence, location, size, shape, cortical and trabeculate of the bone tissue of the marginal tubercle was described. A digital camera, precision compass and digital caliper were used to perform the measurements. The radiographic analysis required high-resolution computed tomography. The results showed that the marginal tubercle of the zygomatic bone is a constant prominence, located in the middle third of the frontal process of the bone and that most individuals showed a semilunar shape. Its height fluctuated between 3 and 4 mm, being more pronounced in men than in women. The thickness of the bone cortex was directly proportional to the prominence of the tuber, while the spongy trabeculate was inversely related to the latter. The analysis of these results seems to indicate that the biomechanical forces exerted by the masticatory musculature and transmitted by the temporal fascia, determine the external and internal morphology of this prominence, and of the zygomatic bone itself. In conclusion, it is recommended to review anatomical knowledge in the light of new imaging techniques and disciplinary integration.

Impact of pediatric hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation on craniofacial growth

OBJECTIVES: To assess the craniofacial skeletal growth in pediatric hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) survivors in comparison with age-sex matched-paired controls. METHODS: A case-controlled retrospective comparison of the craniofacial growth in 25 HSCT children and 25 matched-paired controls was conducted. Craniofacial growth was quantitatively assessed by linear and angular measurements in panoramic radiographic images using ImageJ¯. Stature growth and body weight were obtained through physical examination. Cancer diagnosis, myeloablative conditioning, and HSCT were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS: Patients aged 12.2 years (±3.8; 16 male, 9 female). Radiographic images were obtained on an average of 2.43 (±2.0) years after HSCT. The main malignant diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (56%), followed by acute myeloid leukemia (36%) and myelodysplastic syndromes (8%). Total body irradiation was associated with chemotherapy at 80%. Mean age at transplantation was 10 (±4.7) years. HSCT survivors showed reduced a vertical growth of the mandibular ramus (p=0.003). This persisted among individuals below 12 years of age (p=0.017). The HSCT group showed delayed dental eruption, though there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.3668). The HSCT group showed stature deficit, increased weight, and body mass index (Z-score stature: -0.28; Z-score weight: 0.38, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric HSCT has decreased vertical craniofacial growth compared to their matched controls. There might be an association between reduced craniofacial vertical growth and reduced estature growth. Further studies to quantitatively investigate the impact of different myeloablative regimens in craniofacial skeletal growth and development.

Determinação de parâmetros radiográficos de normalidade da face em crianças menores de um ano / Determination of face normality parameters in radiographs of children under one year of age

Introdução: Realizar as medidas radiográficas do comprimento da face de amostra de crianças brasileiras do nascimento até um ano de vida para determinação de parâmetros radiográficos de normalidade. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de radiografias simples de crânio para mensuração da face de crianças de até 12 meses em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Os exames foram realizados entre os anos de 2013 e 2018. Foram incluídas no estudo 170 radiografias cranianas de 85 crianças menores de um ano. Definidos parâmetros de mensuração, executados por três avaliadores e posteriormente comparados utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o teste ANOVA. Resultados: O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi alto, demonstrando a concordância dos examinadores e a reprodutibilidade das mensurações. Houve pequeno desvio padrão entre as medidas obtidas dos diferentes períodos etários. No geral, ocorreu crescimento da face estatisticamente significativo do primeiro ao terceiro trimestre. O crescimento foi menor e sem diferença estatisticamente significativa do terceiro para o quarto trimestre. Conclusão: Observou-se um aumento progressivo das dimensões dos ossos da face com o crescimento no primeiro ano de vida, especialmente nos primeiros 9 meses. A obtenção destes dados pode auxiliar na avaliação da normalidade para este período etário. (AU)

Introduction: To perform face length measurements on radiographs of Brazilian children from birth to one year of age in order to determine radiographic parameters of normality. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of simple skull radiographs for face measurement of children up to 12 months of age taken in a southern Brazilian hospital between 2013 and 2018. In total, 170 skull radiographs of 85 children under one year of age were included in the study. Measurement parameters were defined, then performed by three evaluators, and later compared using intraclass correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient was high, demonstrating interexaminer agreement and reproducibility of the measurements. There was a small standard deviation between the measurements obtained from the different age groups. In general, there was a statistically significant growth of the face from the first to the third trimester. The growth was smaller and with no statistically significant difference from the third to the fourth trimester. Conclusion: We observed a progressive increase in the dimensions of the facial bones with growth in the first year of life, especially in the first 9 months. Obtaining these data will assist in the assessment of normality for this age group. (AU)

Big Data Statistical Analysis of Facial Fractures in Korea

BACKGROUND: The big data provided by Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) contains data from nearly all Korean populations enrolled in the National Health Insurance Service. We aimed to identify the incidence of facial fractures and its trends in Korea using this big data from HIRA.METHODS: We used the Korean Standard Classification of Disease and Cause of Death 6, 7 for diagnosis codes. A total of 582,318 patients were included in the final analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software and SPSS software.RESULTS: The incidence of facial fractures consistently declined, from 107,695 cases in 2011 to 87,306 cases in 2016. The incidence of facial fractures was the highest in June 2011 (n = 26,423) and lowest in January 2014 (n = 10,282). Nasal bone fractures were the most common, followed by orbit and frontal sinus fractures. The percentage of nasal bone fractures declined, whereas those of orbital fractures increased from 2011 to 2016 (P < 0.001). Among orbital fractures, inferior wall fractures were the most common, followed by medial wall fractures. Among mandibular fractures, angle fractures were the most common, followed by condylar process and symphysis fractures. Although it was difficult to predict the most common type of zygomatic and maxilla fractures, their incidence consistently declined since 2011.CONCLUSION: We observed trends in facial fractures in Korea using big data including information for nearly all nations in Korea. Therefore, it is possible to predict the incidence of facial fractures. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study that investigated the incidence of facial fractures by specific type.

Abordagem de fratura panfacial em emergência: relato de caso / Emergency panfacial fracture approach: case report

Objetivo: O presente estudo consiste em relatar o caso clínico de um paciente com fratura panfacial e abordagem cirúrgica de emergência para realização de fixação interna rígida e sua reabilitação. Descrição do Caso: Paciente do gênero masculino, 46 anos, vítima de acidente automobilístico, deu entrada no serviço de emergência do Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia (HGE-BA) cursando com múltiplas fraturas em face. Foi planejada abordagem, sob anestesia geral e intubação orotraqueal com derivação submentual, em razão de fratura de base anterior de crânio, fratura dos ossos próprios nasais e necessidade de bloqueio maxilomandibular no transcirúrgico. Paciente acompanhado no pós-operatório, evoluindo com projeção facial satisfatória, oclusão estável, boa permeabilidade nasal e sem deformidade dentofacial. Conclusão: As fraturas panfacias são desafiadoras, e seu planejamento cirúrgico deve ser estabelecido visando o posicionamento adequado dos fragmentos fraturados e a preservação das estruturas anatômicas faciais, devolvendo função e garantindo o mínimo de sequelas para o paciente(AU)

Purpose: The present study consists in reporting the clinical case of a patient with panfacial fracture, with an emergency surgical approach to perform rigid internal fixation for patient rehabilitation. Case description: A 46-year-old male patient, victim of an automobile accident, was admitted to the emergency department of the Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia (HGE-BA), attending multiple fractures in the face. The approach was planned under general anesthesia and orotracheal intubation with submental shunt, due to anterior skull fracture, fracture of the nasal bones and the need for maxillomandibular block in the trans-surgical. Patient followed postoperatively, evolving with satisfactory facial projection, stable occlusion, good nasal permeability, and no dentofacial deformity. Conclusions: Panfacial fractures are challenging, and their surgical planning must be established aiming at the adequate positioning of fractured fragments and preservation of facial anatomical structures, restoring function and ensuring a minimum of sequelae for the patient(AU)

Epidemiology and complications of facial fractures: a 5-year retrospective study / Epidemiología y complicaciones de las fracturas faciales: un estudio retrospectivo de 5 años

ABSTRACT Introduction: regional epidemiological studies involving facial trauma are needed to develop more efficient ways of providing health care services. The time elapsed from the occurrence of facial trauma to its definitive treatment can affect clinical outcomes in terms of interventions, resolution, and complications. The aim of this study was to verify if there is a relationship between the different fracture types, their treatments or time intervals for clinical resolution and the onset of complications. Methods: a retrospective study was conducted by means of the clinical records of the Eugenio Espejo Hospital in Quito, verifying the epidemiological data on the clinical evolution of facial trauma patients between 2012 and 2016, and registering data such as age, gender, fracture type, time elapsed until its definitive treatment, and onset of complications. Clinical records lacking these data were excluded. Results: most cases occurred outside Quito (64%). There was no relationship between harmful habits, fracture displacement, type of access or fixation, or presence of comorbidities and the onset of complications. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for complications was OR = 0.301(0.170-0.536), so there is a 70% increased chance of developing some complications if treatment is performed one week after trauma occurs. Conclusion: reducing facial fractures before a week can decrease the onset of complications and sequelae.

RESUMEN Introducción: los estudios epidemiológicos regionales que involucren trauma facial son importantes para ayudar a desarrollar formas más eficientes de brindar cuidados en salud. El tiempo transcurrido desde que ocurre un traumatismo facial hasta su tratamiento definitivo puede afectar los resultados clínicos en términos de intervenciones, resolución y complicaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en verificar si existe una relación entre los diferentes tipos de fracturas, sus tratamientos y los intervalos de tiempo para su resolución clínica con la aparición de complicaciones. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con las historias clínicas del hospital Eugenio Espejo de Quito, verificando los datos epidemiológicos de la evolución clínica de pacientes con trauma facial entre el 2012 y 2016. Para ello se tomaron datos como edad, sexo, tipo de fractura, tiempo transcurrido hasta su tratamiento definitivo y aparición de complicaciones. Se descartaron las historias que no tuvieron todos los datos para este trabajo. Resultados: la mayoría de los casos ocurrió fuera de Quito (64%). Se observó que no existe relación entre hábitos nocivos, desplazamiento de fractura, tipo de abordaje o de fijación y presencia de comorbilidades con la aparición de complicaciones. El resultado de razones de probabilidad (intervalo de confianza) para las complicaciones fue de OR=0.301(0.170-0.536); por lo tanto, existe un 70% más de probabilidad de presentar alguna complicación si el tratamiento se realiza después de una semana de ocurrido el trauma. Conclusión: la reducción de las fracturas faciales antes de una semana puede disminuir la ocurrencia de complicaciones y secuelas.